Below is a list of the books I have written, They can be ordered at Amazon.com
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Tuesday, December 25, 2018
Books Written and Published by Dr. Clyde Winters
Below is a list of the books I have written, They can be ordered at Amazon.com
Monday, December 17, 2018
Haplogroup L3(M,N) Originated in Africa 70,000 Years Ago--Not Eurasia
Vicente M. Cabrera , Patricia Marrero, Khaled K. Abu-Amero
and Jose M. Larruga. 2018. Carriers of mitochondrial DNA macrohaplogroup L3
basal lineages migrated back to Africa from Asia around 70,000 years ago. Cabrera
et al. BMC Evolutionary Biology (2018) 18:98 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12862-018-1211-4
The authors said: “ Results: The
coalescence ages of all Eurasian (M,N) and African (L3 ) lineages, both around
71 kya, are not significantly different. The oldest M and N Eurasian clades
are found in southeastern Asia instead near of Africa as expected by the
southern route hypothesis. The split of the Y-chromosome composite DE
haplogroup is very similar to the age of mtDNA L3. An Eurasian origin and back
migration to Africa has been proposed for the African Y-chromosome haplogroup
E. Inside Africa, frequency distributions of maternal L3 and paternal E
lineages are positively correlated. This correlation is not fully explained by
geographic or ethnic affinities. This correlation rather seems to be the result
of a joint and global replacement of the old autochthonous male and female
African lineages by the new Eurasian incomers.“
This paper is unfounded. It lacks validity because there
were no anatomically modern humans (AMH) in Eurasia, based on archaeological
research until 44kya when the Cro-Magnon people migrated into Iberia.
The first Aurignacians in the Levant date back to 36-34kya
from Ksar Akil.
The oldest Aurignacian remains come from Iberia/Spain. These sites vary in age from 41kya for the l'Arbreda Cave, and 43kya for Abric Romani, located in Catalonia, Spain.
The dates for the Aurignacian in Europe make it clear this culture spread from west to east. It is important to recognize that Aurignacian culture and Cro-Magnon people appears not to have reached the Levant, until 11ky after it was established in Spain.
The oldest Aurignacian remains come from Iberia/Spain. These sites vary in age from 41kya for the l'Arbreda Cave, and 43kya for Abric Romani, located in Catalonia, Spain.
The dates for the Aurignacian in Europe make it clear this culture spread from west to east. It is important to recognize that Aurignacian culture and Cro-Magnon people appears not to have reached the Levant, until 11ky after it was established in Spain.
These dates for sites where AMH were found in Western Europe make it impossible for claims of U6, M1 and etc., originating prior to 32kya in the Levant and entering Africa via a back migration 40kya.
If there were no AMHs in Eurasia before 43,000 years ago how could they be
carry L3(M,N) back into Africa. As a
result, if the “ coalescence ages of all Eurasian (M,N) and African (L3 )
lineages, both around 71 kya”, make it clear that this macrohaplogroup had to
have originated in Africa where the AMH lived, because Eurasia before 43kya was
occupied by Neanderthals.
References:
Demidenko Y.E., Otte M. & Noiret P. (dir.) - Siuren i
rock-shelter. From Late Middle Paleolithic and Early Upper Paleolithic to
Epi-Paleolithic in Crimea. Liège, ERAUL 129, 2012, p. 343-357. http://orbi.ulg.ac.be/bitstream/2268/135222/1/Chapter%2018%20Europe%20Aurignacian.pdf
Winters C.(2008).
Aurignacian Culture: Evidence of Western Exit for Anatomically Modern Humans, South
Asian Anthropologist, 81(1):79-81.
Winters,C. (2010). Origin and spread of the
Haplogroup N. Bioresearch Bull (2010) 3:116-122.
Winters C. The
Gibraltar Out of Africa Exit for Anatomically Modern Humans. WebmedCentral
BIOLOGY 2011;2(10):WMC002311 . http://www.webmedcentral.com/article_view/2311
Friday, November 2, 2018
The haplogroup X2 is of African Origin
Rosa Fregel, Fernado L. Mendez, Youssef Bokbot, Dimas
Martin-Socas, Maria D. Camalich-Massieu, Jonathan Santana, Jacob Morales, Maria
C. Avila-Arcos, Peter A. Underhill, Beth Shapiro, Genevieve L Wojcik, Morten
Rasmussen, Andre E. R. Soares, Joshua Kapp, Alexandra Sockell, Francisco J.
Rodriguez-Santos, Abdeslam Mikdad, Aioze Trujillo-Mederos, Carlos D. Bustamante.
(2018) .Ancient genomes from North Africa evidence prehistoric migrations to
the Maghreb from both the Levant and Europe. https://www.biorxiv.org/content/early/2018/02/20/191569
Fregel et al (2018) suggest that Iberians may have
introduced the Iberian Cardial Early Neolithic pottery , the major problem with
this theory is that North Africa
strongly pottery that resembles these ceramics comes from Africa—not Europe.
The mtDNA samples from the Neolithic site of Kelif el Boroud
(KEB) dated to 3,000 BCE include haplogroups K1, T2 and X2. This is further
confirmation of these haplogroups in ancient North Africa . Eurocentric researchers
imply that these haplogroups may be in Africa as a result of a back migration
from Europe to Africa, but there is no archaeological evidence supporting a
back migration. The archaeological evidence is of Africans migrating to Europe carrying into Iberia pottery and African genes.
Eurocentrics continue to maintain that Africans only carry
mtDNA L lineages. This view can not be supported given the presence of ancient mtDNA M1,U6, K1,T2 and X2 in the IAM and KEB samples from North Africa.
The fact that the Anatolian migrants into Europe, were
Kushites who came from Africa; and the discovery of haplogroups M1,U6, K1,T2
and X2 in the IAM and KEB samples make it clear these haplogroups were carried
by Africans before they entered Eurasia. It also supports the view that like Y-DNA
haplogroup R, and mtDNA haplogroups M1,U6, K1,T2 and X2 are autochthonous to
Africa.
Tuesday, October 2, 2018
African Origin Bell Beaker Culture
There were numerous out of Africa exits into Iberia. The
African migrants introduced into Europe, the Aurignacian, Solutrean, Bell
Beaker/Corded ware and Moorish cultures between 44,000 BC and 1492 AD. These
Sub-Saharan populations belonged to the Black Variety.
The Bell Beaker culture spread from Iberia to the rest of
Europe (Haak et al., 2015). The eastern Corded Ware and even earlier Yamnaya
ceramic decorations are characteristic of the African “Maritime Beaker complex”
that was carried from Morocco to Iberia (Turek, 2012; Winters, 2017). Because
the Bell Beaker cultural complex was also present in North Africa, makes it
clear Africans took R-V88 and R-M269 to Iberia and across Europe.
There were many Africans in Neolithic Iberia (Dominguez,
2005). African mtDNA haplogroups have been found at Tres Montes Bronze Age Navarra,
they were found in many ancient Iberian skeletons. Tres Montes Navarra was a
center of Bell Beaker culture. As late as 2130 BCE we find haplogroup L2 in
Iberia (Dominguez, 2005). In addition, as early 10kya we find carriers of M1 in
Andalusia (Hernández et al., 2015). Haplogroup M1, is recognized as an African
clade (Winters, 2016). In Iberia, seventy percent of the mtDNA in Tres Montes
Navarra was of Sub-Saharan African origin (Dominguez, 2005). The African mtDNA haplogroups belonged to the L, L2 and L3 clades. Haplogroups L2 and L1b, are
concentrated in western-central Africa, particularly along the coastal areas.
Dominguez (2005), noted that much of the ancient mtDNA found in Iberia has no
relationship to the people presently living in Iberia. Dominguez (2005) found
that the lineages recovered from ancient Iberian skeletons are the African
lineages L1b, L2 and L3. Almost 50% of the lineages from the Abauntz
Chalcolithic deposits and Tres Montes, in Navarre are the Sub-Saharan lineages
L1b, L2 and L3 dating back to 2130 BCE. The appearance of phylogenetically
related sequences of hg L3 present in many ancient Iberian skeletons suggest
that this haplogroup may have a long history in Iberia. This would support the
presence of West Africans in Iberia during the Neolithic period.
Between 3200-2900 BC, African culture and people began to
migrate into Iberia and introduced megaliths and the Bell Beaker culture
(Lahovary, 1963). Spanish researchers accepted the reality that the Iberia
Peninsula owed the major parts of Neolithic Iberia to African immigrants
(Lahovary, 1963; Macwhite, 1947). MacWhite (1947) claims there was a close
relationship between Iberia and Britain. These researchers admit that Portugal
and Brittany were settled by Megalithic Africans who founded respectively the
Mugem and Teviec sepultures (Lahovary, 1963; MacWhite, 1947). Olalde et al.,
(2017) discuss the spread of Bell Beaker culture across Europe 27 kya.
These
researchers found limited genetic affinity between individuals from Iberian and
central Europeans. Olalde et al., (2017) concludes that migration probably
played an insignificant mechanism in the spread of Y-Chromosome R1 within the two areas. The
Neolithic British farmers were genetically similar to Neolithic Iberians dating
between 3900–1200 BCE (Olalde et al., 2017; MacWhite, 1947; Mathieson et al.,
2017). The British farmers were replaced by farmers of the Beaker culture
(Olalde et al., 2017). Eighty-four percent of the Beaker Bell Steppe migrants
carried R1b (Olalde et al., 2017). Bell Beaker appeared in Iberia around 2700
BCE (Cardoso, 2014; Olalde et al., 2017; Müller and van Willigen, 2001). It is
interesting to note that while most people in the Iberian Beaker complex carried
the G2 and I2a2 haplogroups (Olalde et al., 2017; Mathieson et al., 2017).
Iberians during this period also carried R-V88 (Kivisild, 2017; Mathieson et
al., 2017). In summary Late Neolithic Bell Beaker tradition expanded from the
Taqua region of Iberia to Ireland and Scandinavia between 2800-2700 BC.
Haak et al., (2015) reported carriers of R1b1 (R-L278) at Samara and in Spain.
There is a large body of archaeological literature that
situates the origin of the stamp beaker decorations in Morocco, not the Steppes
or Central Asia. This would point to Africa as the origin of the people who
practiced this cultural tradition. Kivisild (2017), situates relatives of V88
in ancient Europe during Beaker and Yamnaya times. Haak et al., (2015)
illustrated that the oldest R1 clade associated with the European
hunter-gatherers in Europe carried R1b1.The discovery of relatives of V88 at
Bell Beaker and Yamnaya sites should not be surprising because the Bell Beaker
culture began in Morocco, and the Kushites migrated into Europe from the East.
R1 and the African Bell Beaker and Yamnaya Complexes
The
African Sahara and Morocco was a major source for the Bell Beaker and Corded Ware
cultural complex. The Proto-Beaker pottery dates back to 4500 BC in the Sahara
(Daugas et al., 1989).
The Beaker Complex made a rapid expansion across western
Europe into central Europe from Iberia (Bailey and Salanova, 1999; Harrison and
Heyd, 2007; Lemercier, 2004). The Beaker Bell cultures overlaps the Corded Ware
Complex (Fokker and Nicolis, 2012; Prieto-Martinez, 2011). Olalde et al.,
(2017) found that the Beaker Bell people in their sample carried R1b-S116/P312.
Agro-Pastoral people cultivated crops and herded cattle.
Elements of the Agro-Pastoral members of the Bell Beaker and Corded Ware
complexes appear first in the African Sahara. Here, we see rock engravings of
cattle herders and hunters using similar bow and arrows. The Yamnaya archers'
wrist-guard and bows may have had their origin in the Sahara where we see
similar wrist-guards (Le Quellec, 2011). Daugas et al., (1989) provides a
number of radio carbon dates for the Bell Beaker complex in North Africa. We
find Beaker Bell ware dating to 3700 BC in Morocco. By 2700 BC we see the
expansion of Beaker complex into Iberia (Daugas et al., 1989). The Iberian Bell
Beaker complex is associated with the “Maritime tradition” (Mathieson et al.,
2017; Turek, 2012). There are numerous Bell Beaker sites in the Sahara and
Morocco. A center of the Moroccan Beaker complex ceramics and arrowheads come
from Hassi Ouenzga and in the cave of Ifri Ouberrid. Artifacts found at these
sites are similar to Iberian Beaker complex forms (Nekkal and Mikdad, 2014).
The interesting fact about the discovery of these artifacts is that they were
widespread across the Middle Atlas mountains at sites such as El-Kiffen,
Skhirat – de Rouazi, Kehf, That el Gher and Ifri Ouberrid (Guilaine, 1976;
Mikdad, 1998; Nekka and Mikdad, 2014). This finding matches Turek (2012); which
explains the spread of typically beaker style stamped decoration Bell Beaker
culture pottery from Morocco into Iberia, and thence the rest of Europe.
In conclusion, there is a global distribution of Y-Chromosome
R-M343 subclades across the African continent. The major subclades are R-M269
and R-V88. The V88 subclade is the oldest clade to separate from R-M343.The V88
sub-clade, had relatives in Early Neolithic samples from across a wide
geographic area from Iberia, eastward to Germany and Samara. This would place
carriers of relatives of V88 among the Yamnaya and Bell Beaker people. Given
the wide distribution of V88 and M269 in Africa and Neolithic Europe suggest
that, the Bell Beaker and Yamnaya people were Africans, not Indo-Europeans,
because these cultural complexes and the people who practiced these
cultures originated in Africa. References found in this article:
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